农业生物多样性与中国农业的可持续发展(上)
时间：2020-03-29 05:17:22 来源：千叶帆 本文已影响人
打开文本图片集
[摘 要]中国农业发展自古以来就一直面临着耕地不足、地力下降、劳动不足、天灾人祸等诸多挑战。通过“杂种”，保持农业生物的多样性，是精耕细作等举措之外中国传统农业应对各种不利因素、发展生产所采取的重要措施之一。它不仅成功地扩大了农地面积，提高了土地利用率，维持了土地的永续利用，而且对于自然灾害的控制和劳动力的调节也助有一臂之力。虽然在历史进程中，也存在单一栽培的趋势，但并没有引发严重的问题。近代以后，特别是最近三四十年来，随着人口的快速增长和迅速发展的工业化和全球化，农业生物多样性在市场经济的作用之下，日益为单一栽培和规模经营所取代，其中一个突出的表现就是粮食在增产的同时出现了结构性的短缺。而单一栽培所导致的农民负担加重、土地退化、环境破坏等问题，使农业的基础变得更加脆弱。展望未来农业的发展，或许可以从历史上农业生物多样性中得到一些有益的启示，这就是以农业生物多样性来满足人口的需要，维护人类健康，应对自然灾害，提高资源的利用率，实行因土种植、因需种植，为农业的可持续发展奠定坚实的基础。为此，在保护传统生物资源的同时，我们要积极引进外来物种，丰富生物多样性。
[关键词]中国农业；生物多样性；可持续发展
[中图分类号]F124.5；F303.4；S181 [文献标识码]A [中图分类号]1674-6848（2011）05-0054-13
[作者简介]曾雄生（1962—），男，江西新干人，中国科学院自然科学史研究所研究员、博士生导师，主要从事中国农业史和农业文化的研究。（北京 100190）
Title: Agro-biodiversity and Sustainable Development of China’s Agriculture
Author: ZENG Xiong-sheng
Abstract: China’s agriculture has met many great challenges such as shortage of arable land, soil fertility decline, labor shortage, and many other natural and man-made disasters since ancient times. Apart from intensive cultivation, polyculture is one of the important ways to maintain agro-biodiversity and cope with various adverse factors to develop the agriculture in traditional China, which not only succeeded in expanding total area of farming land, improved land utilization and kept sustainable use of land, but it was also helpful for the control of natural disasters and regulation of the labor forces. Even if there had been some extent of a monoculture trend in history of China, it did not lead to serious problems. Only in the modern time, especially in the past three or four decades, with rapid population growth and rapid development of industrialization and globalization, polyculture has been replaced increasingly by monoculture under the pressure of the market economy. As a result, there is a structural shortage while the total output of grain production increases. The monoculture has increased the burden on farmers, and deteriorated soil and damaged environment have threatened the people’s health, and hence the foundation of today’s agriculture has become more vulnerable. To look ahead to the future of agriculture, the history of agro-biodiversity may give us some useful inspirations. The agro-biodiversity can be used to meet the needs of the population, maintain the human health, deal with natural disasters, improve the utilization of natural resources, perform cultivations with accordance of soil nature and human demands, and lay a solid foundation for sustainable agriculture. To this end, it is necessary for us to protect agro-biological resources, and at the same time, we also need to actively introduce alien species to eich biodiversity.
Key words: China’s agriculture; biodiversity; sustainable development
一、中国农业发展所面临的主要问题
中国是世界农业的起源地之一，拥有上万年的历史。中国农业取得了伟大的成就，养活了世界上最多的人口，同时哺育了灿烂的中华文化，也为世界文明作出了巨大的贡献。历史事实不可争辩地说明，这是一种可持续的农业。但中国农业的问题至今依然没有解决。靠什么吃饭？谁来养活中国？①一直就是个问题。毫无疑问，问题的关键在于耕地。直到今天，中国农业在很大程度上还没有摆脱自然的控制，靠天吃饭的命运也还没有改变，水土流失、地力下降、耕地面积减少更如雪上加霜，而人口增长、城市化进程加速，在挤占农田的同时，也给农业带来更大的压力。冰冻三尺，非一日之寒。今天的农业实践是数千年经验的结晶，今天的农业所面临的问题在历史上都曾经不同程度地存在。在思考农业未来发展的同时，回头看看走过的路，或许可以得到某种启发。
相关热词搜索：中国农业，可持续发展，生物多样性，农业，
